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Abstract The study examines the payment of fossil fuel subsidies made in Nigeria on petrol, with an analysis of the laws governing its payments. It explores the reasons for the removal of the petrol subsidy and examines the merits advocated by proponents of its elimination. Additionally, it investigates the diverse pricing methods employed for petroleum products. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, the article relies on the existing primary and secondary sources of laws to provide insights for the reforms. The study concludes with recommendations such as the implementation of a mixed economic system, reinforcement of trade laws, consumer protection and competition laws, improvement of transparency and accountability, promotion of investments in local refineries, adoption of cleaner alternative energy sources such as renewable energy sources by adopting the global energy transition agenda, and provision of palliatives. The findings unravel the complexities surrounding petrol subsidy payments which have occasioned corruption, rent-seeking activities and insufficient utilization of clean sources of energy. A significant gap exists in Nigeria’s energy sector compared to the selected case study countries. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. The recommendations promote transparency, and accountability and will facilitate the necessary reforms for sustainable downstream petroleum industry and global energy security.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to compare the competition and productivity of the US freight rail transportation industry for the past 41 years (1980 ∼ 2020), which consists of the two periods, before and after the abolishment of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1995. Design/methodology/approach – This study investigates any relationships between the market concentration index values and labor productivity values in the separate two periods, and how the existence of a regulatory body in the freight transportation market impacted the productivity of the freight rail transportation industry by using a Cobb–Douglas production function on annual financial statement data from the US stock exchange market. Findings – This study found that, after the abolishment of the ICC: (1) the rail industry became less competitive, (2) even if the rail industry had an increasing labor productivity trend, there was a strong negative correlation between the market concentration index and labor productivity and (3) the rail industry’s total factor productivity was decreased. Originality/value – This study is to find empirical evidence of the effect of the ICC abolishment on the competition and productivity levels in the US freight rail transportation industry using a continuous data set of 41-year financial statements, which is unique compared to previous studies.

Indonesian rural youth face challenges accessing farmland and sustaining an agricultural livelihood while their labour is not necessarily absorbed by other sectors. In that context, the Omnibus Law on Job Creation (Law 11/2020) promises to liberalise trade and investment across multiple sectors, including agriculture and food security. Combining legal research and political economy approaches to youth and agrarian challenges, we identify amendments to legislation that reduce safeguards for the environment, workers' and farmers' rights and their livelihoods. If fully implemented, the legislative amendments could further narrow youth's options both for secure formal work and futures in farming by accelerating the expansion of infrastructure, industrial plantations and extractive industries that utilise low‐wage labour and huge areas of land. This exposes inconsistencies in the government's approach to increase future food security by promoting intensification of agriculture and attracting youth to farming, while enabling agro‐ and resource extraction that absorbs land yet offers limited and precarious employment prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, as in many Mediterranean countries, the Covid‐19 pandemic enhanced the mobility of the country's affluent classes to coastal towns. Many decided to settle there permanently, either by making their second homes their main residences, or by purchasing or renting new property. This has created severe social, infrastructural and environmental problems in these towns because of transformed demographics, a largely unregulated construction boom, increased renovation activities and an unprecedented rise in real‐estate and consumer‐goods prices. In this article we contextualize these problems in relation to the Justice and Development Party's neoliberal policies of urban governance and rescaling in the past 15 years. The government, having given the construction sector the main role in Turkey's economic development, subsequently granted it new spatial opportunities through the authoritarian and centralized allocation of urban and rural land. Coastal towns have been the target of unregulated urban growth and predatory construction in this process and have thus provided new spatial development prospects. Local governmental reform in 2012, which introduced radical urban rescaling and weakened district municipalities' planning and regulation capacities, further intensified the process. These factors have had a severe impact on coastal towns and their middle‐income residents, who face new mobility pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS) is a measure used to evaluate the state of society and whether it is disintegrated and deregulated. Although widely used, the psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and measurement invariance according to sex have not been studied in the Chilean university population. To explore these properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 383 students from public (45.7%) and private (54.3%) universities, with a mean age of 21.5 years (SD = 3.3). A CFA and ESEM were performed, which confirmed the two-factor correlated structure, achieving better goodness-of-fit indices by eliminating five items (RMSEA = 0.09; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.95). This also provided evidence of reliability and measurement invariance according to sex. This study provides evidence of the psychometric quality of the PAS scale, thus allowing its use in the Chilean university context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research turns the spotlight to the deregulation of once publicly funded affordable housing. Through a microsimulation that follows the conversion from affordable to market-rate units on Roosevelt Island New York, we estimate the expected demographic changes each year between 1976 and 2070. The simulation combines information from the American Community Survey, the island's masterplan, the privatization agreements, and interviews with residents, to produce interactive graphs at three urban scales: the neighborhood, the project, and the building. We found that while the households of market-rate units are gradually becoming younger and more affluent, the households of affordable units are becoming older and more impoverished. Despite an individual agreement for each building, the demographic changes are similar, and that, those changes will affect low-income buildings first. Moreover, upon expiration, 30 percent of the existing protected tenants will be over 65 and at risk of being displaced. The simulation is available at http://ridigitaltwin.pythonanywhere.com/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research seeks to answer the following research question “What kind of regulation architecture can stimulate creative destruction and growth of two different types of new industries like telemedicine, and for-profit-hospital?” Online interview method was used to investigate the telemedicine industry and for-profit-hospitals at Daegu-Gyeongbuk province in South Korea and Cardiff-Wales in the UK. Findings provided following grounded theories. First, the way to create a converted new industry is not deregulation but regulation conversion. Though, deregulation helps to expand the modern market, it could disturb the emergence and growth of new markets. Second, the regulation can be an essential policy method to create emerging new markets when there are enough (potential) suppliers owing to technological developments or the accumulation of a new workforce equipped with new technologies. According to the UK for-profit-hospitals, regulations for consumer protection and decreasing transaction costs or complexity in the new market could trigger market creation. Third, digital transformation has motivated open innovation dynamics in all industries. The expanded open innovation dynamics with digital transformation can promote, most of all, the appearance of converted new industries like telemedicine.

Simple Summary: UGT enzymes metabolize and detoxify numerous small molecules that are important in cancer, including carcinogens, endogenous growth regulators, and anticancer drugs. Alternatively spliced UGT transcripts can encode truncated proteins that inhibit canonical UGTs, thus reducing detoxification activity. We assessed the expression of specific variant transcripts, designated as UGT1A_v2 and _v3, in six different cancers using RNA-seq datasets with large cohorts of paired normal and tumor tissues. Our results show high interindividual variation in v2 and v3 transcript abundance, as well as tissue- and tumor-specific expression patterns. These findings suggest that the variants have tissue-specific impacts on glucuronidation and may have a more significant role in tumors than in normal tissues. The high interindividual variability is likely relevant to differing personalized drug metabolisms through the UGT conjugation pathway. Finally, our discovery of novel UGT1A variant transcripts further highlights the diversity of the UGT1A transcriptome and proteome. The UGT1A locus generates over 60 different alternatively spliced transcripts and 30 circular RNAs. To date, v2 and v3 transcripts are the only variant UGT1A transcripts that have been functionally characterized. Both v2 and v3 transcripts encode the same inactive variant UGT1A proteins (i2s) that can negatively regulate glucuronidation activity and influence cancer cell metabolism. However, the abundance and interindividual variability in the expression of v2 and v3 transcripts in human tissues and their potential deregulation in cancers have not been comprehensively assessed. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified the expression levels of v1, v2, and v3 transcripts using RNA-seq datasets with large cohorts of normal tissues and paired normal and tumor tissues from patients with six different cancer types (liver, kidney, colon, stomach, esophagus, and bladder cancer). We found that v2 and v3 abundance varied significantly between different tissue types, and that interindividual variation was also high within the same tissue type. Moreover, the ratio of v2 to v3 variants varied between tissues, implying their differential regulation. Our results showed higher v2 abundance in gastrointestinal tissues than liver and kidney tissues, suggesting a more significant negative regulation of glucuronidation by i2 proteins in gastrointestinal tissues than in liver and kidney tissues. We further showed differential deregulation of wildtype (v1) and variant transcripts (v2, v3) in cancers that generally increased the v2/v1 and/or v3/v1 expression ratios in tumors compared to normal tissues, indicating a more significant role of the variants in tumors. Finally, we report ten novel UGT1A transcripts with novel 3′ terminal exons, most of which encode variant proteins with a similar structure to UGT1A_i2 proteins. These findings further emphasize the diversity of the UGT1A transcriptome and proteome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several states have enacted specialized limited liability company legislation in an attempt to attract decentralized autonomous organizations. In this way, the regulatory competition debate surrounding states such as Wyoming, Tennessee, and Vermont, attempting to dethrone Delaware, has found a new battleground. According to Professor Lynn LoPucki, this will entail a regulatory race to the bottom, that is, a race to "laxity." I disagree. In fact, deregulation has already been achieved in the traditional limited liability company form. The decentralized autonomous organization limited liability company is no laxer or more attractive to investors, who willlikely prefer the traditional limited liability company or even other entity forms, given the diversity of investors' needs and aims. Moreover, some decentralized autonomous organization organizers may wish not to incorporate at all, hoping to avoid the law altogether. While increasingly risky, this strategy rests on the belief in the alegality liability shield, further diminishing the impact of the /ex specialis approach. After analyzing the statutory developments and the scholarly and industrial commentary, I conclude that in decentralized autonomous organizations, as elsewhere, the regulatory race to the bottom is a fad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of power exchange between areas of multi-area power systems under the power market, this paper designs a power trading contract based on the generation participation matrix, so as to simulate the specific process of power change in each area. With the integration of wind power into the large-scale power system, it is difficult to model the multi-area power system. For this situation, this paper designs a data-driven model-free adaptive load frequency control algorithm based on collecting input and output data, which gets rid of the dependence of the power system on the model. Along with the frequent transmission of input and output data in each area, the communication load of the power system also increases. Aiming at saving communication resources, this paper designs an event-triggered mechanism to reduce the communication bandwidth. The stability of the control algorithm is demonstrated theoretically. Finally, a three-area power system with wind penetration is used as an example to simulate and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the City of Toronto legalised the ridehail giant Uber under a particularly Uber‐friendly regulatory regime. Rather than understanding this interim outcome along the lines of now widespread narratives of corporate "disruption", in this article I take up Manuel B. Aalbers' notion of "regulated deregulation" in order to foreground the state's role as a manically prolific facilitator of early Uberisation. Based on ethnographic research in Toronto, I argue that the three longer‐standing state spatial strategies of (1) the common‐sense neoliberal state, (2) the labour‐averse competition state, and (3) the tech‐infatuated smart state were paramount in creating those "on‐the‐ground" conditions—social, legal, spatial, and other—on which Uber has been able to thrive in many cities across the North American continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the current legal framework on money laundering control in the insurance sector. Essentially, this examination is premised on the interrogation of whether it is still appropriate for Mauritius to apply such stringent, opaque and unyielding Anti-Money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism norms and rules on general insurance when developed nations such as the UK and Singapore have done away with them for a more effective combat against money laundering. It would also be assessed why the financial services commission (FSC) is not able to draw inspiration from its British and Singaporean counterparts in fighting money laundering more effectively. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses the doctrinal legal research methodology which is colloquially described as "black-letter law" approach. It is backed up by a contextual legal analysis that is based on an analysis of relevant legal provisions. It relies ground experience from the insurance industry through the experience of the authors. A comparative approach is used with Singapore and the UK as case studies given that there are significant commonalities to the Mauritian jurisdiction as well as useful differences. Findings: It is observed that a move towards a de-regulation of the legal framework on money laundering in the insurance sector with a more relaxed approach is more effective for the Mauritian insurance sector. Evidence is drawn from the Singaporean and British models. A re-structuring of the FSC of Mauritius is also warranted for such an approach to be adopted. Originality/value: This paper is among the first academic contribution that proposes a de-regulation and the adoption of a relaxed approach of and by the Mauritian Insurance Industry for a more effective combat against money laundering. It serves as a legal foundational basis for further research in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the payment of fossil fuel subsidies made in Nigeria on petrol, with an analysis of the laws governing its payments. It explores the reasons for the removal of the petrol subsidy and examines the merits advocated by proponents of its elimination. Additionally, it investigates the diverse pricing methods employed for petroleum products. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, the article relies on the existing primary and secondary sources of laws to provide insights for the reforms. The study concludes with recommendations such as the implementation of a mixed economic system, reinforcement of trade laws, consumer protection and competition laws, improvement of transparency and accountability, promotion of investments in local refineries, adoption of cleaner alternative energy sources such as renewable energy sources by adopting the global energy transition agenda, and provision of palliatives. The findings unravel the complexities surrounding petrol subsidy payments which have occasioned corruption, rent-seeking activities and insufficient utilization of clean sources of energy. A significant gap exists in Nigeria's energy sector compared to the selected case study countries. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. The recommendations promote transparency, and accountability and will facilitate the necessary reforms for sustainable downstream petroleum industry and global energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a simple two-sector neoclassical growth model in which the upstream sector produces intermediate goods, and the downstream sector produces final goods with outputs from the upstream. While the downstream sector features perfect competition, firms in the upstream sector engage in Cournot competition and charge a markup. We show that the deregulation and the introduction of competition in the upstream goods sector not only increases the productivity in the sector but also has a substantial spillover effect on the productivity of the downstream sector and factor prices. We calibrate the model to the Chinese economy and use the calibrated model to quantitatively evaluate the extent to which the deregulation in the upstream market in China from 1998 to 2006 can account for the rapid economic growth and the high and rising returns to capital in China over the same period. Our quantitative experiments show that the deregulation in the upstream sector can account for a significant share of economic growth in China during the study period. In addition, our model delivers implications that are consistent with several other relevant observations in China during the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the efficiency and productivity of the production factors in the case of public transport in Sfax – the second most important agglomeration in Tunisia–. The analysis of factor productivity enabled identifying the shortcomings in the supply of this service and advocating certain strategies to boost supply. We use an estimation of the trans-logarithmic costs function with different restrictions while relying on the foundations of the microeconomic theory. We relied on annual statistical data from the Regional Transport Company in Sfax over the period preceding the COVID 19 crisis spanning from 1985 to 2018. The estimation results showed the presence of scale diseconomies, the gain in productivity over the years is too slow. The technical progress of public transport in Sfax is very low and the technical efficiency is also very limited. The results revealed that there is a decline in productivity growth due to a growing inefficiency throughout the study period. The underutilization of production capacities in the transport sector was judged as a consequence of excess of capacity and lack of efficiency attributed mainly to the lack of competition. The study identified some external factors that have an impact on the measured efficiency but are outside the company control. Public authorities should act on these factors to help companies improve their performance. A deregulation of the public transport sector by redefining the most important objectives has become urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the political economy analysis of reforms proposed by Abiad and Mody (Am Econ Rev 95(1):66–88, 2005) to the energy sector, then the 'crises' and 'learning' hypotheses are modified, and the roles of economic openness and capital markets are emphasised. Given the hypotheses, a conceptual framework of energy deregulations is proposed. Furthermore, we employ 46 countries panel dataset to conduct the empirical analysis. We find that energy sector deregulations are a dynamic learning process; specifically, the U-shaped nexus between the previous experience of deregulations and the current change of deregulations is confirmed. The systemic banking crises and the sovereign debt crises are the drivers of deregulations in the electricity sector and gas sector, respectively, while the currency crises, economic recession, and inflation reverse it. For political variables, we find the parliamentary government significantly matters with the reforms, while other variables will drag the deregulations or shape the deregulations insignificantly. The economic openness and capital market development are identified as the prominent-driven factors of energy reforms. The baseline results are stable through a series of robustness checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU is about to relax its oversight of genetically modified organisms, focusing on plants and products that are obtained through certain new genomic techniques. The aim is to promote new genomic techniques as an innovative technology and employing it as a means to transform agriculture to sustainability. The present contribution describes and evaluates the planned reform. It discusses whether standards of legal certainty and legitimacy are met, how environmental side-effects are taken into account, how sustainability goals are integrated, what socio-economic effects are to be expected, and whether higher rank law is respected. As several shortcomings are found an alternative approach is submitted that combines a certain easing of administrative oversight with better integration of sustainability goals. Auspices for organic and conventional GMO-free agriculture are also sketched out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated in the U.S. electric utility industry in a period of significant market restructuring, our study investigates how market valuations of a firm's investments to develop intrafirm and interfirm information technology (IT) capabilities are conditional on regulatory context. We find that firms are rewarded by investing in intrafirm IT capabilities in a more deregulated context, and by investing in interfirm IT capabilities in a more uncertain regulatory context. When deregulation expands customer choice, intrafirm IT capabilities create value by enabling greater efficiency and service reliability through coordination of a firm's internal activities. When regulatory uncertainty increases for key aspects such as price control, value chain configuration, and information control, interfirm IT capabilities create value by enabling greater flexibility through reduction of external transaction costs with customers and suppliers. When allocating resources to develop IT capabilities, executives need to consider that market valuation of IT capabilities development is not static, but dynamic with changes in market structure and regulatory uncertainty. Regulators also need to consider that the regulatory context that they shape through their deliberations and decisions has a substantial impact on the market valuation of investments by firms to develop different types of IT capabilities. Prior research has differentiated intrafirm information technology (IT) capabilities that reduce internal coordination costs and interfirm IT capabilities that reduce external transaction costs. However, the influence of developing these capabilities on business value has not been explored in the realm of institutional governance—the regulatory context that defines the rules of the game for firms. We suggest that the value of a firm's investments in different types of IT capabilities development (ITCD) is evaluated by the financial market contingent on the firm's regulatory context. Our study is situated in the U.S. electric utility industry undergoing a market restructuring process to understand the impacts of intrafirm and interfirm ITCD on market value conditional on a firm's regulatory context characterized by the extent to which its business is located in states that allow consumer choice (i.e., deregulation), as well as the extent to which its business is located in states that deliberate regulations regarding price control, value chain configuration, and information control (i.e., regulatory uncertainty). We find that intrafirm ITCD for enhancing efficiency is rewarded in a firm's market valuation under a high level of deregulation. We further find that under a high level of regulatory uncertainty, interfirm ITCD for fostering flexibility can hedge against regulatory uncertainty and increase firm value. A key contribution of our work is demonstrating external institutional governance can influence the market value that firms accrue from different types of ITCD, thereby elaborating the complementarity in theoretical explanations of IT capabilities and institutional governance. History: Rajiv Kohli, Senior Editor; Huigang Liang, Associate Editor. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2023.1228. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The legal aspects of state regulation of economic relations are of high relevance for the Russian Federation due to the development of modern crisis situations. At present, it is necessary to study the general parameters of the interaction between law and economics, on the basis of which it is possible to develop specific recommendations for improving Russian legislation. Empirical analysis. The author presents general factors that have a serious (in the long term) impact on the Russian economy: gradual decarbonization; the emergence of the concept of sustainable development, establishing a link between GDP growth (gross domestic product) and concern for future generations; universal digitalization affecting all spheres of public life. Methods and concepts. The confrontation between the two global currents of libertarianism and Keynesianism has a serious impact on the limits of state intervention in economic relations. At the same time, the gradual convergence leads to the development of such concepts as the social market economy and libertarian paternalism, each of them involving a transition to indirect influence and taking into account social factors in creating a competitive environment. The absence of a direct consolidation of the foundations of the economic system in the Constitution of Russia implies the development of synthetic principles that need further constitutionalization. Theoretical analysis. In the Russian Federation, the further strengthening of the direct role of the state in the country’s economy has institutionalgrounds – a large bureaucratic apparatus and a significant public sector in the economic system. At the same time, legal support for various forms of deregulation (self-regulation, co-regulation, quasi-regulation, etc.) has been formed. The declared "regulatory guillotine", in isolation from the general directions of administrative reform, is unlikely to have a significant long-term effect. Results. The process of deconcentration of power (with deregulation being one of the aspects) in the Russian Federation cannot be considered complete. Deregulation is not the only form of deconcentration and reduction of the administrative burden on businesses.

No abstract available.

With the end of WW II, a new world order emerged that recognised the significance of human rights as part of the remedial measures to institute global peace. This is recognised in Articles 1(3), 13(1)(b) and 55(c) of the 1945 United Nations Charter. Thereafter, the human rights ideals recognised by the UN Charter were codified into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948 (Fait, 2015: 26). Despite not having a binding force, the UDHR became a standard-setting instrument covering all generations of human rights including the right to education. Later, two distinct treaties – i.e., the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 were adopted as a follow-up to the UDHR. Articles 13 and 14 of the ICESCR made more expansive provisions on the right to education than Article 26 of the UDHR. However, the adoption of policies driven by neoliberal ideals and associated neo-classical economic principles in the delivery of education has brought education under market forces, encapsulating it with an economic purpose. This makes education central to the realisation of the neoliberal ideology as schools focus on teaching technical skills and knowledge necessary for the achievement of the economic purposes of education. This paper argues that while the economic purpose of education which is in line with neoliberal and associated neo-classical economic principles is germane for states’ economic development, a holistic approach is consistent with the human rights purpose of education.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of malignancy globally and the main reason why women die from tumours. The Warburg effect, a characteristic of tumor, describes how most solid tumour cells acclimatize to their diverse surroundings by relying heavily on aerobic glycolysis for production of energy. In addition to producing key metabolic intermediates that are crucial for the production of macromolecules, which enable cancer cell division, invasiveness, and drug resistance, the transformed energy metabolism also supplies tumor cells with ATP for cellular energy. Here, we evaluated the expression profile, prognostic significance, and clinical relevance of glucose-related genes in BC using a bioinformatic approach. To clarify the significance of glucose-related genes in the development of breast tumours, we also performed a functional enrichment investigation of deregulated genes using the STRING and KEGG portal. The study depicted that of the 61 genes examined, 8 genes had a fold change

Objective: to elaborate scientifically substantiated proposals for improving the system of mandatory requirements in the sphere of business and other economic activity under formation of digital economy, taking into account the foreign experience of eliminating barriers for business and the available practice of legislation optimization in this sphere.Methods: the research methodological basis consists of traditional general and specific methods of scientific cognition: dialectical, formal-logical, historical-comparative, systematic, terminological, general logic methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction, etc.), as well as special methods: historical-legal, formal-legal, and method of comparative jurisprudence.Results: the author investigated and systematized theoretical approaches and experience of improving the system of mandatory requirements in foreign countries and the Russian Federation; the possibilities of introducing the most successful innovative legal instruments and practices to improve the regulation of economic relations were considered. The role of a retrospective assessment of the regulatory impact of existing regulatory legal acts containing mandatory requirements in addressing issues of reducing burdensome rules and ensuring legal stability in the context of digital transformation of the economy was determined. The international experience of implementing the regulatory guillotine mechanism was considered; its essence, purpose, tasks, basic principles, and algorithm of operation were revealed. The issues of establishing and evaluating the application of the requirements for business contained in regulatory legal acts were analyzed.Scientific novelty: the author’s comprehensive analysis of existing scientific developments on improving the system of mandatory requirements for business; systematization of scientific and theoretical approaches to the selection of innovative legal instruments to eliminate excessive legal regulation of economic relations; generalization of successful foreign practices in the implementation of “regulatory guillotine” measures.Practical significance: recommendations were developed for effective reduction of burdensome requirements that negatively affect the development of business in the context of digital transformation of the economy. Conditions were determined for the implementation of a full-fledged regulatory impact assessment procedure and the successful implementation of regulatory reforms. The results of the study can be used in standard-setting activities and in the educational process when elaborating educational programs in Economics and Law.

The article studies the interaction of business communication genre with other types of institutional discourse. Fragments of professional communication in mixed discourses where it is impossible to clarify the dominant genre by its parameters or its lexical and grammatical cliches selected from websites of various international and governmental organizations are the research material. Methods of descriptive, discourse and contextual analysis are implemented. The author identifies the reasons for the appearance of mixed genres in 20182023, these are traditional connection of economics and politics, COVID-19 and vital issues of environment and sustainable development on the international agenda. Depending on the revealed reasons the types of discourse which integrate in business communication most often are defined, these are political, ecological, medical and educational. Mixed forms of discourse are studied from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics. The author proves that in the course of modern tendencies to business communication deregulation the potential of discourse created as a result of integration is bigger because the speaker can use most efficient means of every included genre both from its core and its periphery. Pragmalinguistic effect of mixed discourses is formed either by common discourse markers that can give the necessary information at the same time serving as expressive means or by speech units and cliches that arrange discourse interaction.

Il contributo indaga il tema della regolazione dei mercati digitali, con particolare riferimento alla recente ondata regolatoria europea che ha riguardato le grandi piattaforme. Sono approfonditi i modelli teorici di riferimento: la prospettiva della deregulation, quella della autoregolazione e, infine, quella della coregolazione. Si conclude per un modello di regolazione pubblico-privata, nel quale il circolo regolatorio sia aperto, tramite la fissazione di princìpi generali, e chiuso, tramite un efficace sistema di enforcement, dal soggetto pubblico, ma integrato dal contributo tecnico dei nuovi protagonisti del mercato digitale. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓-𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜-𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐-𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠.

Since 15 November 2012, the South Korean government amended the law to make some medicines available at 24-hour convenient stores that had previously been sold at pharmacies only. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of this legislation on drug poisoning in youth patients, who may be affected by increased access. This study retrospectively analyzed data registered in the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance (EDIIS) database from January 2007 to December 2018. Patients aged 15 to 24 years old were selected to analyze the incidence and outcomes of acetaminophen (AAP) poisoning in youth patientsBefore the deregulation of over-thecounter (OTC) medication sales, 1994 youth patients visited the emergency department (ED) from 2007-2012. By contrast, 5440 youth visited the ED from 2013-2018 after deregulation. In particular, there were 263 (13.2%) and 820 (15.1%) cases of AAP poisoning intentionally before and after deregulation, respectively, which was not significantly different (p = 0.085). However, the number of patients who were admitted to the general ward (GW) due to AAP poisoning significantly increased from 93 (35.4%) to 339 (41.3%) (p = 0.041). Furthermore, the number of patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after ingesting AAP significantly increased from 9 (3.4%) to 93 (11.3%) (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in intentional AAP poisoning ratios following the deregulation of OTC drug sales; however, GW and ICU admission rates significantly increased. This study demonstrated that there is positive relationship between intentional AAP poisoning and severity in youth patients after the deregulation legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept has provided the framework to assess how early life experiences can shape health and disease throughout the life course. While maternal malnutrition has been proposed as a risk factor for the developmental programming of prostate cancer (PCa), the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using RNA-seq data, we demonstrated deregulation of miR-206-Plasminogen (PLG) network in the ventral prostate (VP) of young maternally malnourished offspring. RT-qPCR confirmed the deregulation of the miR-206-PLG network in the VP of young and old offspring rats. Considering the key role of estrogenic signaling pathways in prostate carcinogenesis, in vitro miRNA mimic studies also revealed a negative correlation between miR-206 and estrogen receptor α (ESR1) expression in PNT2 cells. Together, we demonstrate that early life estrogenization associated with the deregulation of miR-206 networks can contribute to the developmental origins of PCa in maternally malnourished offspring. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which early life malnutrition affects offspring health can encourage the adoption of a governmental policy for the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases related to the DOHaD concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the privatization and commercialization policy in the telecommunication industry in Nigeria, within the period 2012-2020. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of the privatization and telecommunication industry on the nation's economy. The paper utilized the secondary source of data and desk analysis in discussing the paper. The paper highlighted some challenges facing the Nigerian telecommunication industry in its new era which amongst others include, inadequate power supply, and transmission infrastructural challenges. In a cross examination of the policy under review, the paper discovered amongst others that, privatization and commercialization in Nigerian telecommunication industry have affected the economy positively. Also, the paper revealed that the deregulation of the telecommunication industry has provided a huge boost in the growth of the industry. In terms of employment opportunities, the study revealed that, the privatization and commercialization of the telecommunication has improved the employment rate in Nigeria. The paper therefore concluded that privatization and commercialization of the telecommunication industry has opened up new frontiers for communication and expanded the economic base of the economy. The paper recommended amongst others that the government should continue to create a conducive environment for the telecommunication industry to flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profit maximization is critical in the control of power system networks for both power providers and users. Electrical energy is freely accessible in the electrical grid during off-peak hours, with storage units helping to store excess energy and assist the electrical grid during high-demand situations. Such techniques promote grid stability and ensure safe operation. Because renewable resources are intermittent, energy storage technologies are especially significant in renewable-associated power systems. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has recently acquired popularity in preserving power grid stability in the presence of renewable resources.V2G technology employs automobiles as mobile storage devices and focuses on the efficient utilization of extra power available during off-peak hours. The goal of this work is to improve the functioning of a V2G system in a power network to reduce energy production costs while increasing system profitability. This study for deregulated power environments also depicts the influence of V2G mixing on system voltage profile and locational marginal pricing (LMP), as well as the performance of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on system economics. The MiPower simulation program is used in the study to find the best placement of the power storage unit for the modified IEEE 14-bus system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While called the "bedrock" and "cornerstone" of US media policy, the localism principle has been chipped away over 40 years by the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) full throated embrace of market-based practices. Recently, however, localism has emerged as a pivotal battleground in telecommunications. Through case studies of three recent regulatory issues—local cable franchising, municipal broadband, and small cell deployment—this paper examines the role of localism in US-based cable and telecommunications policy. It coins the term "telecommunications localism" to capture the changing technological focus of media regulation, from content to infrastructure. In regulatory actions over the past decade the FCC has simultaneously acknowledged local municipalities' role in telecommunications deployment and actively worked to curtail this power through deregulation. These deregulatory actions strip municipalities of their autonomy over license negotiations and local rights of way and stymies the development and deployment of local communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antitrust is high on the reform agenda at present, associated with calls to "break up big tech." Proponents of reform have invoked history with regularity in making their case. They say reform is essential to reverse the baleful influence of the Chicago School of antitrust, which, in their telling, disastrously and abruptly ended in the 1980s a "golden" era of beneficially lively antitrust enforcement. In fact, antitrust enforcement was, at best, uneven, from the early 20th century through to the end of the 1970s. As for the antitrust "counter-revolution" of the late 20th century, this was fostered as much by fears of foreign competition and skepticism of government regulation as Chicago School theorizing. The pattern helped to ensure that the counter-revolution was largely sustained through the opening decades of the 21st century. This article, in addition to getting antitrust and history in tune by drawing attention to the foregoing points, provides insights regarding antitrust's future direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obligation to obtain a master craftsman's certificate in order to set up a new business was suspended in 2004 for some trades in the German skilled crafts sector, but was reintroduced for some of them in 2020. This paper presents the first empirical results of this re-regulation and places them in the context of the policy discussion. The results so far indicate a reversal of the 2004 deregulation effects on German crafts after the re-regulation. Future in-depth studies will show whether these effects are robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the tumour suppressor genes that affect critically cell functions and homeostasis, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted in chromosome 10 (PTEN- gene locus: 10q21) regulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. PTEN is deleted, mutated or epigenetically hypermethylated in a variety of human solid malignancies. Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) belong to the head and neck carcinomas (HNCs) super category of solid malignancies. Histo-pathologically, they demonstrate a significant diversity due to a variety of distinct and mixed subtypes. Genetically, they are characterized by a broad spectrum of gene and chromosomal imbalances. Referring specifically to suppressor genes, PTEN deregulation plays a critical role in signaling transduction in the corresponding SGC pre- and malignant epithelia modifying the response rates to potential targeted therapeutic strategies. In the current review, we explored the role of PTEN deregulation mechanisms that are involved in the onset and progression of SGCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the regulatory state during the Gilded Age was closely associated with the development of institutionalist ideas in American academia. In their analysis of the emergent regulatory environment, institutionalists like John Commons operated with a fundamentally marginalist theory of value and distribution. This engagement is a central explanation for the ultimate ascendancy of neoclassical economics, and the limitations of the regulatory environment that emerged in the Progressive Era. The eventual rise of the Chicago School and its deregulatory ambitions did constitute a rupture, but one achieved without rejecting preceding conceptions of competition and value. The substantial compatibility of the view of markets underlying both the regulatory and deregulatory periods is stressed, casting doubt about the transformative potential of the resurgent regulatory impulse in the New Gilded Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]